Chronic food shortages and the collective farm system in North Korea.
This article considers the problem of North Korea's collective farms from a micro-institutional perspective. It begins with an analysis of the collective fanning system introduced in 1958, the changes in 1966 that allowed for subwork teams, and the further reform of 1996 that permitted a new work squad system....

The work ethic of the plain folk: labor and religion in the Old South.
FACED WITH THE PROSPECT OF IMMINENT DEPARTURE TO SERVE IN THE Confederate army, North Carolina farmer John Fletcher Flintoff instructed his family on life and faith in his diary entry of March 10, 1864: "I desire that you live on the premises I leave you and work the land...

A farm household conception of pluriactivity in Canadian Agriculture: motivation, diversification and livelihood *.
La collecte d'information du recensement sur la phiriactivite agricole ou sur 1'<< agriculture a temps partiel >>, comme on l'appelait au debut, acommence aussi tot que dans les annees trente aux Etats-Unis et dans les annees quarante au Canada. Depuis, les chercheurs ne se sont pas contentes de rapporter...

The origins of black sharecropping.
Sharecropping developed after various other production schemes failed. By 1868, it was the predominant capital-labor arrangement throughout the South. In retrospect, the development of sharecropping seems a tragedy, because it is associated with the kind of static, hopeless poverty and debt cycles that afflicted the entire South well into the...

Are we not peasant too? Land rights and women's claims in India.
[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Introduction In 1979, over two decades ago, a group of poor women from West Bengal made the following demand of their elected village council: "Please go and ask the government why, when it distributes land, we don't get a title. Are we not...

Palms, pastures, and swidden fields: the grounded political ecology of "agro-extractive/shifting-cultivator peasants" in Maranhao, Brazil.
This article examines transformations associated with changes in resource use and land cover dynamics in the community of Sao Manoel, Maranhao state, in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. The shifting cultivator peasants in Sao Manoel integrate swidden fields for annual cropping, the extraction of babassu palm products, and pastures for...

Rural non-agricultural development in post-reform China: growth, development patterns, and issues.
BEFORE 1979, central planning and government regulations bound the Chinese peasants tightly to the land, and cultivation, particularly grain production, had priority over all other activities. Non-agricultural activities, when they were permitted to develop, were viewed not primarily as a way of changing the rural economy but as a...

Protecting the "white citizen worker": race, labor, and citizenship in South-Central Arizona, 1929-1945.
In June 1930, the Arizona State Federation of Labor (ASFL) called for new restrictions on Mexican immigration in order to protect the status of "white citizen workers of Arizona and other Southwestern states." (1) Arizona's trade unions had repeatedly pressed for anti-immigration legislation over the previous two decades, and...

A combining ability analysis of cassava manihot esculenta Crantz genotypes to anthracnose disease.
INTRODUCTION The tropical root crop cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is the third most important source of calories for human food in the tropics after rice and maize. Over 600 million people depend on cassava in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Cassava is grown by poor farmers, many...

The experience of resettled farmers in Zimbabwe.
Abstract: This study assesses the relative productivity of smallholder farmers in zimbabwe's land reform and resettlement programme. We use a panel of survey data collected in 1992, 1993, 1996, and 1997 from up to 400 resettled households, who in 1981-84 had been moved onto previously large-scale commercial farms in...