Snatching defeat from the jaws of victory? Lula, the 'losers' alliance', and the prospects for change in Brazil (1).
The Brazilian Workers' Party (PT) won a resounding victory in the presidential elections in October 2002. Its candidate, Luis Inacio Lula da Silva (Lula) received 40m votes (46.4%) in the first round, and 53m (61.3%) in the second round of the elections. His nearest rival, Jose Serra, a former...

Financial institutions fraud.
I. INTRODUCTION This Article reviews the development and application of three federal criminal statutes that govern offenses by or against financial institutions. Section II analyzes the Bank Fraud Statute, which targets fraud against financial institutions.(1) Section III describes the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of...

Financial institutions fraud.
I. INTRODUCTION This article reviews the development and application of three federal criminal statutes that govern offenses by or against financial institutions. Section II analyzes the Bank Fraud Statute, which targets fraud against financial institutions.(1) Section III describes the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of...

Financial institutions fraud.
I. INTRODUCTION II. BANK FRAUD: [sections] 1344 A. Scope B. Elements of the Offense 1. Knowledge 2. Executes or Attempts to Execute 3. Scheme or Artifice 4. To Defraud or Obtain Monies by False or Fraudulent Pretenses ...

Money panics and the establishment of the Federal Reserve System.
DESCRIPTION Several students perform a play that illustrates how an unregulated banking system contributed to a number of severe money panics in the late nineteenth century. The students then read a passage about the establishment of the Federal Reserve System and identify features of the new system...

ARABCOM shifts from Beirut to Doha. (Business & Finance).
Following four successful years in Beirut, ARABCOM -- the IT and telecommunications exhibition, has shifted from Beirut to Doha, where it will be held next month under the auspices of Qatar's prime minister Abdullah Bin Khalifa Al Thani. The fifth ARABCOM -- ARABCOM 2002 -- one of the most...

Banking on future growth: Moin A Siddiqi analyses banking trends across the Middle East region.
Facing new challenges The banking industry worldwide has to face new challenges rising from globalisation, deregulation, financial innovations and the Internet revolution. The fast changing environment has, over the past decade, had a profound effect on leading banks in both mature and emerging markets. The era of...

Collateral for loans from Norges Bank--consequences of changes in the rules.
Norges Bank requires collateral for all lending to banks. Collateral is provided in the form of securities which are pledged to Norges Bank. The list of eligible securities was changed in 2005. The aim of the changes has been to reduce Norges Bank's risk while ensuring that the borrowing...

The recent stabilization experience in Mexico.
Since the late 1990s, Mexico has undertaken a stabilization program that reduced inflation to rates not seen in more than 30 years. The benefits of this progress have been substantial, including the improvement of living standards and the creation of an environment suitable for economic growth. Nevertheless, monetary policy...

The values of the market.
George Soros on Globalization, George Soros (New York: Public Affairs, 2002), 191 pp., $20 cloth. Globalization and Its Discontents, Joseph E. Stiglitz, (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002), 282 pp., $24.95 cloth. Whether "globalization" is a useful concept remains open to doubt. Semantically, it is...