Environmental crimes.
I. Introduction Federal enforcement of environmental regulations through criminal prosecution occurs under eight principal statutes. The Clean Air Act (CAA)(1) imposes penalties on those who knowingly violate federal or state regulations designed to achieve ambient air quality standards established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Federal...

Environmental crimes.
I. INTRODUCTION Nine principle statutes govern the enforcement of federal environmental regulations through criminal prosecution. After a brief discussion in Section II of issues common to most of these statutes, including theories of liability, defenses, and sentencing issues, this article addresses each of these statutes. ...

Environmental crimes.
I. INTRODUCTION Nine principle statutes govern the enforcement of federal environmental regulations through criminal prosecution. After a brief discussion in Section II of issues common to most of these statutes, including theories of liability, defenses, and sentencing issues, this article addresses each of these statutes in turn....

The expanding institutional context for water resources management: the case of the Grand River Watershed.
Abstract: The context in which water resources management operates continues to expand as governance regimes are recognized as polycentric in structure and institutions are more broadly interpreted. This paper explores the "expanded" institutional context for water resources management. Institutions of water resources management in Ontario are presented and a...

A comparison of wellhead protection area delineation methods for public drinking water systems in Whatcom County, Washington.
Introduction Wellhead Protection Areas--Defined A wellhead protection area (WHPA) is defined as the land surface that lies directly over and recharges the aquifer that contributes water to the well. Under normal pumping conditions, this area is also known as the zone of contribution. Recharge zones also are...

Farms in the Central Valley.
Farms in the Central Valley will be subjected to water discharge requirements for the first time under a plan approved in July by the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board. The plan requires owners of 7 million acres of irrigated farmland to register with the state agency and...

Local regulation of natural resources: efficiency, effectiveness, and fairness of wetlands permitting in Massachusetts.
I. INTRODUCTION In the last third of the twentieth century, governance of the environment, both natural resources and pollution aspects, has become a central public concern. Despite the popular tendency to blur these two sets of problems under the encompassing rubric of "environment," they raise distinctly different...

Fairness in environmental law.
In an earlier life. I worked as a bartender.(1) bartenders principal occupation, of course, is to serve beverages. Yet a bartender spends substantial time listening to customer grievances: not about the quality of the service, but about the unfairness each has been dealt in life. The perhaps...

Risk communication: health risks associated with environmentally contaminated private wells versus chloroform in a public water supply.
Introduction During March 1988, 16 private residential shallow wells near a radar base in Sault Ste. Marie, Chippewa County, Michigan, were found to be contaminated with one or more environmental contaminants. The carcinogens in the groundwater were benzene, CAS 71-43-2; 1,2-dichloroethane, CAS 107-06-2; dichloromethane, CAS 75-09-2; trichloroethylene, CAS 79-01-6;...

A watershed paradox.
AS NEW YORK CITY STRUGGLES TO PROTECT WATER QUALITY AND UPSTATE FORESTLANDS, THE CHOICES ARE CLEAR: EVERYBODY WINS OR EVERYBODY LOSES. It is a paradox of seemingly impossible proportion: How can New York City, with 8 million people packed onto a sliver of riverfront and barrier island, boast one...